Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Originally published in Science Express on 25 May 2006
Science 28 July 2006:
Vol. 313. no. 5786, pp. 523 - 526
DOI: 10.1126/science.1126531
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic and Nonpandemic HIV-1

Brandon F. Keele,1 Fran Van Heuverswyn,2 Yingying Li,1 Elizabeth Bailes,3 Jun Takehisa,1 Mario L. Santiago,1* Frederic Bibollet-Ruche,1 Yalu Chen,1 Louise V. Wain,3 Florian Liegeois,2 Severin Loul,4 Eitel Mpoudi Ngole,4 Yanga Bienvenue,4 Eric Delaporte,2 John F. Y. Brookfield,3 Paul M. Sharp,3 George M. Shaw,1,5 Martine Peeters,2 Beatrice H. Hahn1{dagger}

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the cause of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a zoonotic infection of staggering proportions and social impact. Yet uncertainty persists regarding its natural reservoir. The virus most closely related to HIV-1 is a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) thus far identified only in captive members of the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Here we report the detection of SIVcpz antibodies and nucleic acids in fecal samples from wild-living P. t. troglodytes apes in southern Cameroon, where prevalence rates in some communities reached 29 to 35%. By sequence analysis of endemic SIVcpz strains, we could trace the origins of pandemic (group M) and nonpandemic (group N) HIV-1 to distinct, geographically isolated chimpanzee communities. These findings establish P. t. troglodytes as a natural reservoir of HIV-1.

1 Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
2 Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMR145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Department of International Health, University of Montpellier I, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Boite Postale 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
3 Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
4 Projet Prevention du Sida au Cameroun (PRESICA), Boite Postale 1857, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
5 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 720 South 20th Street, KAUL 816, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

* Present address: Gladstone Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

{dagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bhahn{at}uab.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Novel circular DNA viruses in stool samples of wild-living chimpanzees.
O. Blinkova, J. Victoria, Y. Li, B. F. Keele, C. Sanz, J.-B. N. Ndjango, M. Peeters, D. Travis, E. V. Lonsdorf, M. L. Wilson, et al. (2010)
J. Gen. Virol. 91, 74-86
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Quantifying Differences in the Tempo of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype Evolution.
A. B. Abecasis, A.-M. Vandamme, and P. Lemey (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 12917-12924
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhanced T- and B-cell responses to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)agm, SIVmac and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag DNA immunization and identification of novel T-cell epitopes in mice via codon optimization.
C. S. Siegismund, O. Hohn, R. Kurth, and S. Norley (2009)
J. Gen. Virol. 90, 2513-2518
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CCR5- and CXCR4-Tropic Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates Have a Lower Level of Pathogenic Fitness than Other Dominant Group M Subtypes: Implications for the Epidemic.
A. Abraha, I. L. Nankya, R. Gibson, K. Demers, D. M. Tebit, E. Johnston, D. Katzenstein, A. Siddiqui, C. Herrera, L. Fischetti, et al. (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 5592-5605
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Patterns of Diversity in HIV-Related Loci among Subspecies of Chimpanzee: Concordance at CCR5 and Differences at CXCR4 and CX3CR1.
T.S. MacFie, E. Nerrienet, N.G. de Groot, R.E. Bontrop, and N.I. Mundy (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 719-727
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Origin and Biology of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Wild-Living Western Gorillas.
J. Takehisa, M. H. Kraus, A. Ayouba, E. Bailes, F. Van Heuverswyn, J. M. Decker, Y. Li, R. S. Rudicell, G. H. Learn, C. Neel, et al. (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 1635-1648
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Simian immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (SIV mnd 1 and 2) have different pathogenic potentials in rhesus macaques upon experimental cross-species transmission.
S. Souquiere, R. Onanga, M. Makuwa, I. Pandrea, P. Ngari, P. Rouquet, O. Bourry, M. Kazanji, C. Apetrei, F. Simon, et al. (2009)
J. Gen. Virol. 90, 488-499
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Full-Length Genome Characterization of a Novel Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Lineage (SIVolc) from Olive Colobus (Procolobus verus) and New SIVwrcPbb Strains from Western Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius badius) from the Tai Forest in Ivory Coast.
F. Liegeois, B. Lafay, P. Formenty, S. Locatelli, V. Courgnaud, E. Delaporte, and M. Peeters (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 428-439
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: A transitional endogenous lentivirus from the genome of a basal primate and implications for lentivirus evolution.
R. J. Gifford, A. Katzourakis, M. Tristem, O. G. Pybus, M. Winters, and R. W. Shafer (2008)
PNAS 105, 20362-20367
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The significance of induced pluripotent stem cells for basic research and clinical therapy.
J R Meyer (2008)
J. Med. Ethics 34, 849-851
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Copy number variation and evolution in humans and chimpanzees.
G. H. Perry, F. Yang, T. Marques-Bonet, C. Murphy, T. Fitzgerald, A. S. Lee, C. Hyland, A. C. Stone, M. E. Hurles, C. Tyler-Smith, et al. (2008)
Genome Res. 18, 1698-1710
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cross-Species Virus Transmission and the Emergence of New Epidemic Diseases.
C. R. Parrish, E. C. Holmes, D. M. Morens, E.-C. Park, D. S. Burke, C. H. Calisher, C. A. Laughlin, L. J. Saif, and P. Daszak (2008)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 72, 457-470
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Primate Lentivirus Capsid Sensitivity to TRIM5 Proteins.
Z. Kratovac, C. A. Virgen, F. Bibollet-Ruche, B. H. Hahn, P. D. Bieniasz, and T. Hatziioannou (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 6772-6777
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ancient DNA Identification of Early 20th Century Simian T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1.
S. Calvignac, J.-M. Terme, S. M. Hensley, P. Jalinot, A. D. Greenwood, and C. Hanni (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 1093-1098
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV-1 Nef Binds PACS-2 to Assemble a Multikinase Cascade That Triggers Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I (MHC-I) Down-regulation: ANALYSIS USING SHORT INTERFERING RNA AND KNOCK-OUT MICE.
K. M. Atkins, L. Thomas, R. T. Youker, M. J. Harriff, F. Pissani, H. You, and G. Thomas (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 11772-11784
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Challenge of HIV-1 Subtype Diversity.
B. S. Taylor, M. E. Sobieszczyk, F. E. McCutchan, and S. M. Hammer (2008)
N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 1590-1602
   Full Text »    PDF »
Amino Acid Substitutions in the S2 Subunit of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Variant V51 Encode Determinants of Host Range Expansion.
W. C. McRoy and R. S. Baric (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 1414-1424
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nef-Mediated Enhancement of Virion Infectivity and Stimulation of Viral Replication Are Fundamental Properties of Primate Lentiviruses.
J. Munch, D. Rajan, M. Schindler, A. Specht, E. Rucker, F. J. Novembre, E. Nerrienet, M. C. Muller-Trutwin, M. Peeters, B. H. Hahn, et al. (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 13852-13864
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond.
M. T. P. Gilbert, A. Rambaut, G. Wlasiuk, T. J. Spira, A. E. Pitchenik, and M. Worobey (2007)
PNAS 104, 18566-18570
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microsporidian Infection Is Prevalent in Healthy People in Cameroon.
S. W. Nkinin, T. Asonganyi, E. S. Didier, and E. S. Kaneshiro (2007)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 2841-2846
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recombination Confounds the Early Evolutionary History of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Subtype G Is a Circulating Recombinant Form.
A. B. Abecasis, P. Lemey, N. Vidal, T. de Oliveira, M. Peeters, R. Camacho, B. Shapiro, A. Rambaut, and A.-M. Vandamme (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 8543-8551
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adaptation of HIV-1 to Its Human Host.
L. V. Wain, E. Bailes, F. Bibollet-Ruche, J. M. Decker, B. F. Keele, F. Van Heuverswyn, Y. Li, J. Takehisa, E. M. Ngole, G. M. Shaw, et al. (2007)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 24, 1853-1860
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Generation of Infectious Molecular Clones of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus from Fecal Consensus Sequences of Wild Chimpanzees.
J. Takehisa, M. H. Kraus, J. M. Decker, Y. Li, B. F. Keele, F. Bibollet-Ruche, K. P. Zammit, Z. Weng, M. L. Santiago, S. Kamenya, et al. (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 7463-7475
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Possible Biohazard Risk from Infectious Tissue and Culture Cells Preserved with RNAlaterTM.
A. Kurth (2007)
Clin. Chem. 53, 1389-1390
   Full Text »    PDF »
Viral Subversion Mechanisms in Chronic Kidney Disease Pathogenesis.
L. A. Bruggeman (2007)
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2, S13-S19
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Restriction of an Extinct Retrovirus by the Human TRIM5{alpha} Antiviral Protein.
S. M. Kaiser, H. S. Malik, and M. Emerman (2007)
Science 316, 1756-1758
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cryptococcus neoformans Mates on Pigeon Guano: Implications for the Realized Ecological Niche and Globalization.
K. Nielsen, A. L. De Obaldia, and J. Heitman (2007)
Eukaryot. Cell 6, 949-959
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cross-Clade Inhibition of Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVcpz Reverse Transcriptases by RNA Pseudoknot Aptamers.
D. M. Held, J. D. Kissel, S. J. Thacker, D. Michalowski, D. Saran, J. Ji, R. W. Hardy, J. J. Rossi, and D. H. Burke (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 5375-5384
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Discovery and analysis of the first endogenous lentivirus.
A. Katzourakis, M. Tristem, O. G. Pybus, and R. J. Gifford (2007)
PNAS 104, 6261-6265
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
More on Chimps and HIV.
(2006)
Journal Watch Infectious Diseases 2006, 3
   Full Text »
Origins of HIV and the evolution of resistance to AIDS..
J. L. Heeney, A. G. Dalgleish, and R. A. Weiss (2006)
Science 313, 462-466
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Minerva.
(2006)
BMJ 332, 1400
   Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)