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Submitted on April 12, 2005
Accepted on May 26, 2005
Genomic Sequencing of Pleistocene Cave Bears
James P. Noonan 1, Michael Hofreiter 2, Doug Smith 3, James R. Priest 4, Nadin Rohland 2, Gernot Rabeder 5, Johannes Krause 2, J Chris Detter 6, Svante Pääbo 2, Edward M. Rubin 1*
1 US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA; Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. 2 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany. 3 US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA. 4 Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. 5 Institute of Paleontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1010 Austria. 6 US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA; Biosciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Edward M. Rubin , E-mail: emrubin{at}lbl.gov
Despite the greater information content of genomic DNA, ancientDNA studies have largely been limited to amplification of mitochondrialsequences. We describe metagenomic libraries constructed usingunamplified DNA extracted from skeletal remains of two 40,000-year-oldextinct cave bears. Analysis of ~1 Mb of sequence from eachlibrary showed that, despite significant microbial contamination,5.8% and 1.1% of clones contain cave bear inserts, yielding26,861 base pairs of cave bear genome sequence. Comparison ofcave bear and modern bear sequences revealed the evolutionaryrelationship of these lineages. The metagenomic approach employedhere establishes the feasibility of ancient DNA genome sequencingprograms.
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