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Published Online April 14, 2005
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1110591

Reports

Submitted on February 2, 2005
Accepted on April 5, 2005

Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora

Paul B. Eckburg 1*, Elisabeth M. Bik 2, Charles N. Bernstein 3, Elizabeth Purdom 4, Les Dethlefsen 2, Michael Sargent 3, Steven R. Gill , Karen E. Nelson 5, David A. Relman 6

1 Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Room S-169, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford CA 94305-5107, USA.
2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 299 Campus Drive, Room D300, Fairchild Science Building, Stanford CA 94305-5124, USA.
3 Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, MS 779-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3A 1R9, Canada.
4 Department of Statistics, Sequoia Hall, 390 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA.
5 The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
6 Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Room S-169, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford CA 94305-5107, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 299 Campus Drive, Room D300, Fairchild Science Building, Stanford CA 94305-5124, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Paul B. Eckburg , E-mail: eckburg1{at}stanford.edu

The human endogenous intestinal microflora is an essential "organ" in providing nourishment, regulating epithelial development, and instructing innate immunity; yet surprisingly, basic features remain poorly described. We examined 13,355 prokaryotic ribosomal RNA gene sequences from multiple colonic mucosal sites and feces of healthy subjects in order to improve our understanding of gut microbial diversity. A majority of the bacterial sequences corresponded to uncultivated species and novel microorganisms. We discovered significant intersubject variability and differences between stool and mucosa community composition. Characterization of this immensely diverse ecosystem is the first step in elucidating its role in health and disease.


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