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Published Online May 1, 2003
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1085953

Research Articles

Submitted on April 19, 2003
Accepted on April 30, 2003

The Genome Sequence of the SARS-Associated Coronavirus

Marco A. Marra 1*, Steven J. M. Jones 1, Caroline R. Astell 1, Robert A. Holt 1, Angela Brooks-Wilson 1, Yaron S. N. Butterfield 1, Jaswinder Khattra 1, Jennifer K. Asano 1, Sarah A. Barber 1, Susanna Y. Chan 1, Alison Cloutier 1, Shaun M. Coughlin 1, Doug Freeman 1, Noreen Girn 1, Obi L. Griffith 1, Stephen R. Leach 1, Michael Mayo 1, Helen McDonald 1, Stephen B. Montgomery 1, Pawan K. Pandoh 1, Anca S. Petrescu 1, A. Gordon Robertson 1, Jacqueline E. Schein 1, Asim Siddiqui 1, Duane E. Smailus 1, Jeff M. Stott 1, George S. Yang 1, Francis Plummer 2, Anton Andonov 2, Harvey Artsob 2, Nathalie Bastien 2, Kathy Bernard 2, Timothy F. Booth 2, Donnie Bowness 2, Michael Drebot 2, Lisa Fernando 2, Ramon Flick 2, Michael Garbutt 2, Michael Gray 2, Allen Grolla 2, Steven Jones 2, Heinz Feldmann 2, Adrienne Meyers 2, Amin Kabani 2, Yan Li 2, Susan Normand 2, Ute Stroher 2, Graham A. Tipples 2, Shaun Tyler 2, Robert Vogrig 2, Diane Ward 2, Brynn Watson 2, Robert C. Brunham 3, Mel Krajden 3, Martin Petric 3, Danuta M. Skowronski 3, Chris Upton 4, Rachel L. Roper 4

1 British Columbia Cancer Agency Genome Sciences Centre, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada.
2 National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.
3 British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4R4, Canada.
4 Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mmarra{at}bccgsc.ca.

We sequenced the 29,751-base genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus known as the Tor2 isolate. The genome sequence reveals that this coronavirus is only moderately related to other known coronaviruses, including two human coronaviruses, HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E. Phylogenetic analysis of the predicted viral proteins indicates that the virus does not closely resemble any of the three previously known groups of coronaviruses. The genome sequence will aid in the diagnosis of SARS virus infection in humans and potential animal hosts (using PCR and immunological tests), in the development of antivirals (including neutralizing antibodies), and in the identification of putative epitopes for vaccine development.


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   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Glycosylation of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Triple-Spanning Membrane Proteins 3a and M.
M. Oostra, C. A. M. de Haan, R. J. de Groot, and P. J. M. Rottier (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 2326-2336
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Pyridine N-oxide derivatives are inhibitory to the human SARS and feline infectious peritonitis coronavirus in cell culture.
J. Balzarini, E. Keyaerts, L. Vijgen, F. Vandermeer, M. Stevens, E. De Clercq, H. Egberink, and M. Van Ranst (2006)
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57, 472-481
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Serum Proteomic Fingerprints of Adult Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
R. T.K. Pang, T. C.W. Poon, K.C. A. Chan, N. L.S. Lee, R. W.K. Chiu, Y.-K. Tong, R. M.Y. Wong, S. S.C. Chim, S. M. Ngai, J. J.Y. Sung, et al. (2006)
Clin. Chem. 52, 421-429
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Important Role for the Transmembrane Domain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein during Entry.
R. Broer, B. Boson, W. Spaan, F.-L. Cosset, and J. Corver (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 1302-1310
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Orchitis: A Complication of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
J. Xu, L. Qi, X. Chi, J. Yang, X. Wei, E. Gong, S. Peh, and J. Gu (2006)
Biol Reprod 74, 410-416
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
7a Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Inhibits Cellular Protein Synthesis and Activates p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase.
S. A. Kopecky-Bromberg, L. Martinez-Sobrido, and P. Palese (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 785-793
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evaluation of Affymetrix Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Resequencing GeneChips in Characterization of the Genomes of Two Strains of Coronavirus Infecting Humans.
I. M. Sulaiman, X. Liu, M. Frace, N. Sulaiman, M. Olsen-Rasmussen, E. Neuhaus, P. A. Rota, and R. M. Wohlhueter (2006)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 72, 207-211
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 3a Protein Is Released in Membranous Structures from 3a Protein-Expressing Cells and Infected Cells.
C. Huang, K. Narayanan, N. Ito, C. J. Peters, and S. Makino (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 210-217
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of Hemagglutinin Esterase Protein from Recombinant Mouse Hepatitis Virus Enhances Neurovirulence.
L. Kazi, A. Lissenberg, R. Watson, R. J. de Groot, and S. R. Weiss (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 15064-15073
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection of Human Ciliated Airway Epithelia: Role of Ciliated Cells in Viral Spread in the Conducting Airways of the Lungs.
A. C. Sims, R. S. Baric, B. Yount, S. E. Burkett, P. L. Collins, and R. J. Pickles (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 15511-15524
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.
S. R. Weiss and S. Navas-Martin (2005)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69, 635-664
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Subcellular localization of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein.
J. You, B. K. Dove, L. Enjuanes, M. L. DeDiego, E. Alvarez, G. Howell, P. Heinen, M. Zambon, and J. A. Hiscox (2005)
J. Gen. Virol. 86, 3303-3310
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ACE2 Receptor Expression and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Depend on Differentiation of Human Airway Epithelia.
H. P. Jia, D. C. Look, L. Shi, M. Hickey, L. Pewe, J. Netland, M. Farzan, C. Wohlford-Lenane, S. Perlman, and P. B. McCray Jr (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 14614-14621
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Group-Specific Open Reading Frames Encode Nonessential Functions for Replication in Cell Cultures and Mice.
B. Yount, R. S. Roberts, A. C. Sims, D. Deming, M. B. Frieman, J. Sparks, M. R. Denison, N. Davis, and R. S. Baric (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 14909-14922
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Assembly of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus RNA Packaging Signal into Virus-Like Particles Is Nucleocapsid Dependent.
P.-K. Hsieh, S. C. Chang, C.-C. Huang, T.-T. Lee, C.-W. Hsiao, Y.-H. Kou, I-Y. Chen, C.-K. Chang, T.-H. Huang, and M.-F. Chang (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 13848-13855
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Fails To Activate Cytokine-Mediated Innate Immune Responses in Cultured Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells.
T. Ziegler, S. Matikainen, E. Ronkko, P. Osterlund, M. Sillanpaa, J. Siren, R. Fagerlund, M. Immonen, K. Melen, and I. Julkunen (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 13800-13805
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: The State of the Art.
J. B. Mahony and S. Richardson (2005)
J. Mol. Diagn. 7, 551-559
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Experience of using convalescent plasma for severe acute respiratory syndrome among healthcare workers in a Taiwan hospital.
K.-M. Yeh, T.-S. Chiueh, L. K. Siu, J.-C. Lin, P. K. S. Chan, M.-Y. Peng, H.-L. Wan, J.-H. Chen, B.-S. Hu, C.-L. Perng, et al. (2005)
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56, 919-922
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses.
W. Li, Z. Shi, M. Yu, W. Ren, C. Smith, J. H. Epstein, H. Wang, G. Crameri, Z. Hu, H. Zhang, et al. (2005)
Science 310, 676-679
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Scalable Transcriptional Analysis Routine--Multiplexed Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Platform for Gene Expression Analysis and Molecular Diagnostics.
E. P. Garcia, L. A. Dowding, L. W. Stanton, and V. I. Slepnev (2005)
J. Mol. Diagn. 7, 444-454
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Use of Dual TaqMan Probes to Increase the Sensitivity of 1-Step Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR: Application to the Detection of SARS Coronavirus.
S. P. Yip, S. S. T. To, P. H.M. Leung, T. S. Cheung, P. K.C. Cheng, and W. W.L. Lim (2005)
Clin. Chem. 51, 1885-1888
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats.
S. K. P. Lau, P. C. Y. Woo, K. S. M. Li, Y. Huang, H.-W. Tsoi, B. H. L. Wong, S. S. Y. Wong, S.-Y. Leung, K.-H. Chan, and K.-Y. Yuen (2005)
PNAS 102, 14040-14045
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structure of SARS Coronavirus Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Complexed with Receptor.
F. Li, W. Li, M. Farzan, and S. C. Harrison (2005)
Science 309, 1864-1868
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Evolution Analysis and Geographic Investigation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Like Virus in Palm Civets at an Animal Market and on Farms.
B. Kan, M. Wang, H. Jing, H. Xu, X. Jiang, M. Yan, W. Liang, H. Zheng, K. Wan, Q. Liu, et al. (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 11892-11900
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanism of the Maturation Process of SARS-CoV 3CL Protease.
M.-F. Hsu, C.-J. Kuo, K.-T. Chang, H.-C. Chang, C.-C. Chou, T.-P. Ko, H.-L. Shr, G.-G. Chang, A. H.-J. Wang, and P.-H. Liang (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 31257-31266
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


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